The Relationship Between Health-Promoting Lifestyle and Its Related Factors with Self-Efficacy and Well-Being of Students

OBJECTIVES: Unhealthy lifestyles among young people are seriously related to incapacity and health problems in adulthood. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of a health-promoting lifestyle and its association with self-efficacy and well-being. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a sample of 500 students from Shahroud University of Medical Sciences (Shahroud, Iran) were randomly selected in 2017. The Persian versions of Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile, Self-Efficacy Scale, and WHO-5 Well-Being Index were used. RESULTS: Among the participants, 34% of students had an abnormal imaginable well-being, and 68% of students had high self-efficacy. The mean score of a health-promoting lifestyle was 127.47 ± 19.78, which is interpreted as moderate, and the mean score of physical activity was 14.10 ± 4.95, which is poor. There was a significant relationship between well-being, and self-efficacy with health-promoting lifestyle. Age, gender, educational level, place of residence, student employment, self-efficacy, and well-being were associated with students’ lifestyles. CONCLUSION: A health-promoting lifestyle of students in this study was moderate and they did not have an acceptable level of physical activity. The direct effect of well-being, and self-efficacy on lifestyle, revising students’ curriculums to improve their health behaviors, and general health indicators, can all lead to the enhancement of health-promoting lifestyles.

Health-related quality of life in polycystic ovary syndrome patients: a systematic review

Increasing attention to the concept of polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS] health-related quality of life has led to the development of tool that aims to measure this concept. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of psychometric properties of the PCOS health-related quality of life questionnaire. A search of database [Pubmed, PsychInfo, CINAHL, CENTRAL, Scopus and SID] from January1998 to December 2013 yielded 6152 references of which 27 papers remained after review of the titles and abstracts. The reviewers used structural tools to analyze the articles, critically appraise papers, and extract the data. Finally, eight papers met the full inclusion criteria. A search of database [Pubmed, PsychInfo, CINAHL, CENTRAL, Scopus and SID] from January1998 to December 2013 yielded 6152 references of which 27 papers remained after review of the titles and abstracts. The reviewers used structural tools to analyze the articles, critically appraise papers, and extract the data. Finally, eight papers met the full inclusion criteria. The PCOSQ/MPCOSQ showed acceptable content and construct validity, reliability and internal consistency. However, some other properties, particularly those related to factor and longitudinal validity, absolute error of measurement, minimal clinically important difference and responsiveness still need to be evaluated

impact of polycystic ovary syndrome on the health-related quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS] has been shown to cause a reduction in health-related quality of life [HRQOL]. However, the relative degree of impairment in each domain differed among samples, and it was not clear which aspect of disease-specific HRQOL [modified polycystic ovary syndrome health-related quality of life questionnaire] was most negatively affected. To systematically review the effects of PCOS on specific domains of HRQOL. Literature search using search engine of database [PubMed, PsychInfo, CINAHL, CENTRAL, and Scopus] between 1998 to December 2013 yields 6 relevant publications. Pairs of raters used structural tools to analyze these articles, through critical appraisal and data extraction. The scores of each domain of polycystic ovarian syndrome questionnaire [PCOSQ] or modified version [MPCOSQ] of 1140 women with PCOS were used in meta-analysis. The combine mean of emotional [4.40; 95% CI 3.77-5.04], infertility [4.13; 95% CI 3.81-4.45] and weight [3.88; 95% CI 2.33-5.42] dimensions were better, but menstruation [3.84; 95% CI 3.63-4.04] and hirsutism [3.81; 95% CI 3.26-4.35] domains were lower than the mean score of PCOSQ/MPCOSQ in related dimension. The meta-analysis showed that the most affected domains in specific HRQOL were hirsutism and menstruation. Based on these findings, we recommend healthcare providers to be made aware that HRQOL impairment of PCOS is mainly caused by their hirsutism and menstruation, which requires appropriate management

Psychosocial Factors and Musculoskeletal Pain Among Rural Hand-woven Carpet Weavers in Iran

BACKGROUND: Musculoskeletal pain (MSP) is a common and disabling problem among carpet weavers and is linked to physical and psychosocial factors of work. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MSP, its psychosocial risk factors, and association of pain in each pair of anatomical sites among carpet weavers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed among 546 hand-woven carpet weavers in rural small-scale workshops of Iran. Data were collected by using parts of a standardized CUPID (Cultural and Psychosocial Influences on Disability) questionnaire focused on MSP in 10 body sites, including the low-back, neck, both right and left shoulders, elbows, wrists/hands, individual, physical and psychosocial risk factors. Statistical analysis was performed applying logistic regression models. RESULTS: Prevalence of MSP in at least one body site was 51.7% over the past month. The most common sites were low back and right shoulder pain 27.4% and 20.1%, respectively. A significant difference was found between the mean number of painful anatomical sites and the level of education, age, physical loading at work, time pressure, lack of support, and job dissatisfaction. In pairwise comparisons, strongest association was found between pain in each bilateral anatomical site (odds ratio = 11.6-35.3; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In home-based workshops of carpet weaving, psychosocial factors and physical loading were associated with MSP. This finding is consistent with studies conducted among other jobs. Considering the preventive programs, the same amount of attention should be paid to psychosocial risk factors and physical loading. Also, further longitudinal studies are needed to investigate the relationship of psychological factors.

Consanguinity and neonatal death: a nested case-control study

Although numerous studies have found higher rates of abortion and still births following consanguinity [familial marriages], the question of whether consanguinity significantly increases the risk of neonatal death has inadequately been addressed.This study aims to evaluate familial marriage effects on neonatal death in rural areas in Iran. In this nested case-control study, 6900 newbornswho were born in rural areas of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Province [South-West of Iran] were followed till the end of neonatal period, and neonatal death was the outcome of interest. Subsequently 97 cases and 97 controls were selected in study cohort by using risk set sampling model. Crude and adjusted odds ratios [OR] were estimated by using a conditional logistic regression model. In the final model, prematurity [OR = 5.57], low birthweight [LBW] [OR = 7.68], consanguinity [first cousins] [OR = 5.23], C-section [OR = 7.27], birth rank more than 3 [OR = 6.95] and birthsinterval less than 24 months [OR = 4.65] showed significant statistical association with neonatal mortality [p < 0.05]. According to our findings, after adjusting the effects of other significant risk factors, familial marriage to first cousins is considered as an important risk factor for neonatal death

[Maternal Quality of life in women with wanted and unwanted pregnancy: a longitudinal study]

Introduction: Unwanted pregnancy imposes great psychological pressure on women.The aim of this paper is to compare quality of life of in women withwanted andunwanted pregnancy, from 3rd trimester of pregnancy to postpartum

Methods and materials: This longitudinal study was conducted in 10 urban health centers of Shahroud city, in 2010. There were 43 women with unwanted pregnancy among 358 pregnant women. In order to exclude the selection bias, all pregnant women were included in the study. Inclusion criteria were being in the third trimester of pregnancy and giving birth to a healthy baby. Exclusion criteria were fetal or infant death during the period of the study. WHO-Quality of life questionnaire was filled out in the third trimester of pregnancy and 8 weeks after delivery. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS version 18 using mann witney-u, wilcoxon, chi-square and multiple regression analysis

Results: Although there was no significant difference between the scores of QOL of women with wanted and unwanted pregnancy in third trimester of pregnancy, women with unwanted pregnancy had lower score in perceived overall health [p=0.03] and social domain [p=0.042] than wanted pregnancy group in postpartum periods. Also, means of scores of physical and social domains of QOL in women with wanted pregnancy has improved from pregnancy to postpartum while there was no change in unwanted group and even their perceived overall health declined in the postpartum [p=0.009]. Multiple regression analyses showed that unwanted pregnancy was a predictor of maternal QOL in postpartum.[]

Conclusion: Designing interventions to improve QOL of women with unwanted pregnancy is recommended

Quality of life after cesarean and vaginal delivery

Cesarean rates in recent decades have been increasing and a number of studies have shown that cesarean increases maternal morbidities. The aim of this study is to compare the quality of life after cesarean and vaginal delivery. This prospective study was carried out on 356 pregnant women visiting urban health centers in Shahroud City, Northeast Iran, in 2011. The subjects completed the quality of life questionnaire in the third trimester of pregnancy and at 8 weeks postpartum. In primiparas, the mean global QOL scores for the cesarean and vaginal delivery groups were 67.65 +/- 12.7 and 72.12 +/- 11.8, respectively. Also, the scores for the physical, psychological and social domains of QOL as well as the global score of QOL were higher in the vaginal delivery group than the cesarean group [p<0.05]. In the case of primiparas, multiple regression analysis revealed that after adjusting for education, desirability of pregnancy and the General Health Questionnaire score, the delivery type remained as a predictor of the scores for the physical [R[2]=1.7%; B=-3.826; p=0.031; CI [-7.301, -.350]] and social [R[2]=2.5%; B=-5.708; p=0.017; CI [-10.392, -1.023]] domains of QOL and the global QOL score [R[2]=2.6%; B=-4.065; p=0.006; CI [-6.964, -1.164]]. While multiparas, there was no relationship between QOL and type of delivery. In this sample of low-risk women, cesarean negatively affected the QOL of primiparas. More studies with larger sample sizes should be conducted to examine the effects of cesarean on QOL in both primiparas and multiparas within a shorter period after delivery

[Pre marriage relationship: perspectives of male students]

Objective [s]: The objective of this study was to investigate on pre-marriage relationship between young adolescents from male students' perspectives

Method: This was a qualitative study of a sample of 20 male students. Focus group discussions were conducted to collect data. Content analysis was performed to explore the data

Results: Three themes emerged from the analysis: motivation for pre-marriage relationship; facilitating and preventive sexual behaviors, reproductive health needs

Conclusion: Larger scale studies are needed to understand the topic more fully. However, as indicated by young male students there are different reasons for pre-marriage relationship between girls and boys. Such data could contribute to implementing more reproductive health orientated interventions in order to improve adolescents' health

Parasitic contamination of raw vegetables in Shahroud, Semnan

Given the importance of healthy vegetables, the present study was conducted to determine parasitic infection of vegetable consumed in Shahroud. This cross-sectional study has been conducted on 92 samples of various vegetables collected from 16 vegetable growing farms and 1 vegetable process workshop. Sixty two percent of tested vegetables lacked parasites and the highest amount of parasites observed [34.78%] was related to Giardia lamblia. A significant relationship was observed between parasite and having toilets in the farms as well as the extent of farms. Safety of fertilizers consumed by farms and healthy fruits can have an effective role in reducing the parasitic infections.

[Ranking of Imam Khomeini educational hospital wards]

Objective: The aims of this study are scoring the educational wards of Imam Hospital complex, comparison of different wards according to educational, research and treatment scores and finally improvement of hospital's curriculum

Methods: For assessing the educational performance a questionnaire was filled by the wards' directors. Another questionnaire was filled by faculty members in order to evaluating the research situation of the ward. Customers' satisfaction was assessed through questionnaires which were filled by residents, interns, students and patients. Data were analyzed using SPSS-13

Results: In educational sector, pediatric ward has the first rank, infection ward the second rank. In the research sector infection ward the first and the pediatric ward have the second rank. Training customers have the most satisfaction of general ward and Patient had more satisfaction of surgery ward [3 and 4 surgery ward].With 47% score to training sector, 28% to research sector and 25%to satisfaction, the infection ward has the first rank, pediatric ward second rank and orthopedic ward the third rank of Imam Khomeini complex

Conclusion: In Imam Khomeini complex survey of wards ranking, the infection ward has the first rank pediatric ward second rank and orthopedic ward the third rank in overall survey

[ national family physician and the quality of referral system]

Objective [s]: One of the recent reforms in the health system, rural insurance with a focus on family physician and is the referral system.This study was carried out in order to investigate the quality of the referra system in the national family physician plan in Shahroud

Methods: This applied study was carried out in a cross-sectional procedure in 2010. In this study, all the health care centers where the family physician plan was implemented were studied and 800 referred patients were investigated and the checklists and questionnaires were completed by observing the documents and interviewing the patients. The data were analyzed using SPSS, and the results were displayed in frequency distribution tables

Results: In 56.2% of the patients, the necessity of the reference was recognized by the physician, and in 43.8% of the cases, the patients had asked to be referred. In 66% of the cases, the level two physicians had been selected by the patients, and in 34% of the cases, they had been selected by the physician. 53% of the patients had been referred to private surgeries and clinics in level two. One-third of the patients had been referred by health houses and about one fifth of the references had led to patients' admission to hospitals. Only in 12.5% of the cases were there copies of the references from the family physicians to the health houses. Internists had received the largest number of the referred patients [16%] from level one. The quality of the feedback was desirable only in 8.4% of the patients. There was a significant relationship between the place of reference in level two and the feedback [P=0.002]

Conclusion: Although one of the aims of the national family physician plan has been and sill is the improvement of the reference system, the results show that there are serious problems in levels one and two and the removal of these problems will lead to the improvement of the services and consequently to patient satisfaction

[Family physician: the mutual satisfaction of physicians and health care team members]

Employee satisfaction is an important issue that can have a powerful effect on motivation levels. This study aimed at determining the level of satisfaction in family physicians and health care team members and factors influencing it in Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. This applied study was conducted in a cross sectional frame in 2011. Sample size included all physicians [25] and all health care providers [224] who were working in health centers involved in family medicine projects. Separate self-questionnaire was filled by physician, assistances and other health care providers. Data was analyzed with SPSS software using Independent-samples t test, Chi square, One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. Post hoc multiple comparisons test was Tukey. Family physicians covered about 96464 people. Mean of general satisfaction score in physicians was 97.2 +/- 15.5 that indicated medium satisfaction. There was no significant relation between physicians' general satisfaction and age, gender, marriage, acquaintance in family medicine and number of people that they covered. However, there was significant relation between family physicians satisfaction and the number of rotation during the project period, satisfaction of knowledge and skill, and cooperation of health care provider. In addition, there was significant difference among different professions and distance of health center from center of town. As family physicians are leaders of health care provider teams and considering their medium level of satisfaction, it is essential to give this group full attention in order to promote their motivation. In addition, it is crucial to consider coordination and staff problems and their instruction

Important risk factors of mortality among children aged 1-59 months in rural areas of Shahroud, Iran: a community-based nested case-control study

The aim of the study was to evaluate potential risk factors of children mortality between 1-59 months of age. This nested case-control study was conducted among children born from June 1999 to March 2009 in rural areas of Shahroud, located in the central region of Iran using health care visit reports and follow-up data available in household health records. Mortality was significantly associated with breastfeeding duration [OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.81-0.93], total health care visits [OR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.83-0.98] and low birth weight [LBW] [OR: 7.38, 95% CI: 1.37-39.67]. In our study, a longer breastfeeding period and more frequent health care visits were two important protective factors, while LBW was an important risk factor for 1-59 month child mortality. It seems, that complex and multiple factors may be involved in mortality of under 5-year-old children, so combined efforts would be necessary to improve child health indicators

Validation of pediatric index of mortality-2 scoring system in a single pediatric intensive care unit in Iran

A study to validate and calibrate Pediatric Index of Mortality-2 [PIM2] in children admitted to our pediatric intensive care unit [PICU]. This is a prospective cohort study performed in Bahrami Children's Hospital affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. We studied the patients admitted to PICU from May 2007 to November 2008. Clinical measures were identified upon arrival in PICU. We used PIM2 score and logistic regression analysis to compare expected mortality risk with observed mortality rate. Receiver operating characteristics [ROC] curve analysis was done and standardized mortality ratio was calculated. PIM2 Index assessment was performed by use of Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test. 240 patients were included in this study. The model fit was achieved adequately [P value = 0.741]. The area under the ROC curve was 0.795 [0.715-0.875 for 95% confidence interval] and standardized mortality ratio was 1.8 [1.28-2.465 for 95% confidence interval] High-risk group diagnosis with adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =14.75, pupil reaction to light [AOR=0.13] and duration of stay in PICU [AOR=1.03] had significant statistical association to pediatric mortality. PIM2 is a good index for prediction of mortality in our pediatric intensive care unit. This study revealed that there is significant statistical association between the children mortality and the length of hspita;ization, pupillary light reflex and the risk level category on admission

Drug abuse pattern and high risk behaviors among addicts in Shahroud County of Semnan province, northeast Iran in 2009

This study aimed at determining the drug abuse pattern and the frequency of high-risk behaviors among the clients of Methadone Maintenance Treatment Centers and Drop-in Centers in Shahroud County of Semnan Province. In this cross-sectional study, the data collection tool was a questionnaire including 10 general and 32 specific items about drug abuse pattern and high-risk behaviors. The data were collected via interview. The mean age of the subjects was 34.8 year. The patterns of opium consumption among the subjects before coming to treatment center were inhalation [44.4%], ingestion [25.7%], and injection [12.7%]. The subjects abused different types of opium before referring to the treatment centers including opium 88.42%, opium extract 65.5%, crack 48.0%, alcohol 30.3%, cannabix 19.8%, heroin 16.7%, and other substances 6.5%. Almost 42.4% of subjects had positive between the form of substance abuse and gender, education level, occupation and marital status. However the correlation between form of substance abuse and place of residence [P=0.014], income [P=0.03] and tobacco smoking [P=0.001] was statistically significant. The most prevalent pattern of drug consumption was inhalation. Opium and crack were the most frequent kind of drugs among study subjects. These results need serious attention in providing services through Methadone Maintenance Treatment Centers as well as Drop-in Centers. In addition, due to highly positive family history among addicts, family participation will play an important role in prevention